Gecko [ tanishkshah.com ]

Name	Size	Permission	Date
RelNotes	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x	2026-09-04 11:33
contrib	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x	2026-09-04 11:33
howto	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x	2026-09-04 11:33
technical	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x	2026-09-04 11:33
BreakingChanges.adoc	16.64 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
BreakingChanges.html	49.87 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md	5.85 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
DecisionMaking.adoc	3.77 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
DecisionMaking.html	34.35 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
MyFirstContribution.adoc	55.2 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
MyFirstContribution.html	106.17 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
MyFirstObjectWalk.adoc	28.88 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
MyFirstObjectWalk.html	73.09 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
README.md	3.58 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
ReviewingGuidelines.adoc	8.69 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
ReviewingGuidelines.html	40.35 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
SubmittingPatches.adoc	38.07 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
SubmittingPatches.html	78.92 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:59
ToolsForGit.adoc	1.32 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
ToolsForGit.html	32.47 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
blame-options.adoc	5.96 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.adoc	1.26 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
cmds-ancillarymanipulators.adoc	796 B	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
cmds-developerinterfaces.adoc	678 B	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
cmds-foreignscminterface.adoc	399 B	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
cmds-guide.adoc	833 B	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
cmds-mainporcelain.adoc	3.01 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
cmds-plumbinginterrogators.adoc	1.73 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
cmds-plumbingmanipulators.adoc	1.47 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
cmds-purehelpers.adoc	1.24 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
cmds-synchelpers.adoc	449 B	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
cmds-synchingrepositories.adoc	397 B	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
cmds-userinterfaces.adoc	507 B	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
config.adoc	18.27 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:57
date-formats.adoc	1.14 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
diff-context-options.adoc	372 B	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
diff-format.adoc	6.44 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
diff-generate-patch.adoc	7.02 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
diff-options.adoc	33.21 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
docbook-xsl.css	4.45 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
docinfo.html	50 B	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
everyday.html	30.27 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
fetch-options.adoc	12.36 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
for-each-ref-options.adoc	3.02 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
fsck-msgids.adoc	6.37 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-add.adoc	15.64 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-add.html	53.06 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-am.adoc	9.39 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-am.html	45.37 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-annotate.adoc	772 B	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-annotate.html	40.83 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-apply.adoc	10.89 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-apply.html	45.13 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-archive.adoc	8.27 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-archive.html	42.43 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-backfill.adoc	2.52 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-backfill.html	33.77 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-bisect-lk2009.adoc	48.53 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-bisect-lk2009.html	91.41 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-bisect.adoc	17.77 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-bisect.html	53.82 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-blame.adoc	8.66 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-blame.html	53.85 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-branch.adoc	15.67 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-branch.html	62.71 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-bugreport.adoc	2.51 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-bugreport.html	33.75 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-bundle.adoc	13 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-bundle.html	47.71 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-cat-file.adoc	14.66 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-cat-file.html	51.94 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-check-attr.adoc	3.32 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-check-attr.html	35.31 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-check-ignore.adoc	4.06 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-check-ignore.html	36.04 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-check-mailmap.adoc	1.54 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-check-mailmap.html	32.63 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-check-ref-format.adoc	4.93 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-check-ref-format.html	36.9 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-checkout-index.adoc	5.54 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-checkout-index.html	38 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-checkout.adoc	21.72 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-checkout.html	66.35 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-cherry-pick.adoc	8.97 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-cherry-pick.html	43.87 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-cherry.adoc	3.53 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-cherry.html	35.42 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-clean.adoc	4.63 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-clean.html	36.81 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-clone.adoc	15.88 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-clone.html	60.38 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-column.adoc	2.15 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-column.html	35.98 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-commit-graph.adoc	5.89 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-commit-graph.html	41.03 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-commit-tree.adoc	2.65 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-commit-tree.html	39.44 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-commit.adoc	21.16 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-commit.html	70.5 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-config.adoc	20.88 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-config.html	445.55 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-contacts.adoc	2.52 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-contacts.html	33.92 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-count-objects.adoc	1.35 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-count-objects.html	32.25 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-credential-cache--daemon.adoc	891 B	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-credential-cache--daemon.html	31.46 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-credential-cache.adoc	3.12 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-credential-cache.html	34.16 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-credential-store.adoc	3.55 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-credential-store.html	35.03 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-credential.adoc	11.95 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-credential.html	45.38 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-describe.adoc	8.12 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-describe.html	40.6 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-diagnose.adoc	2.16 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-diagnose.html	33.22 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-diff-files.adoc	1.2 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-diff-files.html	92.09 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-diff-index.adoc	4.7 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-diff-index.html	97.13 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-diff-pairs.adoc	1.96 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-diff-pairs.html	83.75 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-diff-tree.adoc	4.09 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-diff-tree.html	126.96 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-diff.adoc	8.28 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-diff.html	119.69 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-difftool.adoc	4.49 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-difftool.html	42.05 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-fast-export.adoc	12.37 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-fast-export.html	45.54 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-fast-import.adoc	61.52 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-fast-import.html	114.47 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-fetch-pack.adoc	4.14 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-fetch-pack.html	35.78 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-fetch.adoc	11.54 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-fetch.html	88.96 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-filter-branch.adoc	30.3 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-filter-branch.html	65.75 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-fmt-merge-msg.adoc	1.9 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-fmt-merge-msg.html	34.3 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-for-each-ref.adoc	15.81 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-for-each-ref.html	60.05 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-for-each-repo.adoc	1.9 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-for-each-repo.html	33.09 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-format-patch.adoc	29.21 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-format-patch.html	94.24 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-fsck-objects.adoc	354 B	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-fsck-objects.html	30.7 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-fsck.adoc	5.99 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-fsck.html	53.52 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-fsmonitor--daemon.adoc	3.53 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-fsmonitor--daemon.html	35.9 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-gc.adoc	6.59 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-gc.html	49.01 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-get-tar-commit-id.adoc	753 B	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-get-tar-commit-id.html	31.12 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-grep.adoc	11.05 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-grep.html	47.94 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-hash-object.adoc	2.09 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-hash-object.html	32.91 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-help.adoc	7.35 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-help.html	40.88 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-hook.adoc	1 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-hook.html	31.95 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-http-backend.adoc	11.36 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-http-backend.html	43.53 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-http-fetch.adoc	1.74 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-http-fetch.html	32.71 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-http-push.adoc	2.92 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-http-push.html	34.32 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-imap-send.adoc	6.46 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-imap-send.html	42.43 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-index-pack.adoc	6.15 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-index-pack.html	38.61 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-init-db.adoc	409 B	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-init-db.html	30.76 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-init.adoc	6.08 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-init.html	41.3 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-interpret-trailers.adoc	12.54 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-interpret-trailers.html	53.71 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-last-modified.adoc	1.33 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-last-modified.html	32.41 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-log.adoc	6.79 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-log.html	191.76 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-ls-files.adoc	11.83 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-ls-files.html	47 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-ls-remote.adoc	5.01 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-ls-remote.html	37.24 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-ls-tree.adoc	5.39 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-ls-tree.html	38.16 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-mailinfo.adoc	3.78 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-mailinfo.html	36.02 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-mailsplit.adoc	1.31 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-mailsplit.html	32.31 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-maintenance.adoc	19.28 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-maintenance.html	64.48 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-merge-base.adoc	7.58 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-merge-base.html	41.4 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-merge-file.adoc	3.98 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-merge-file.html	36.22 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-merge-index.adoc	2.39 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-merge-index.html	33.51 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-merge-one-file.adoc	387 B	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-merge-one-file.html	30.72 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-merge-tree.adoc	12.62 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
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git-merge.adoc	14.79 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-merge.html	83.48 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
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git-mergetool.adoc	4.41 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
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git-mktag.adoc	1.74 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
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git-mktree.adoc	1.05 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-mktree.html	31.64 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-multi-pack-index.adoc	5.03 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-multi-pack-index.html	37 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-mv.adoc	2.04 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
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git-name-rev.adoc	3.27 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
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git-notes.adoc	14 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-notes.html	56.05 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-pack-objects.adoc	21.46 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-pack-objects.html	56.16 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-pack-redundant.adoc	1.83 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-pack-redundant.html	33.01 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-pack-refs.adoc	1.66 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-pack-refs.html	35.09 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-patch-id.adoc	2.37 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-patch-id.html	33.47 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-prune-packed.adoc	946 B	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-prune-packed.html	31.75 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-prune.adoc	1.87 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-prune.html	33.37 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-pull.adoc	7.7 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-pull.html	90.41 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-push.adoc	28.59 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-push.html	90 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-quiltimport.adoc	1.65 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-quiltimport.html	32.57 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-range-diff.adoc	10.72 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-range-diff.html	45.43 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-read-tree.adoc	16.52 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
git-read-tree.html	51.16 KB	-rw-r--r--	2026-04-05 23:58
git-rebase.adoc	45.65 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
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git-receive-pack.adoc	9.98 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
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git-reflog.adoc	5.52 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-11-17 16:38
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Rename

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<body class="manpage">
<div id="header">
<h1>git-commit-tree(1) Manual Page</h1>
<h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<p>git-commit-tree - Create a new commit object</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="verseblock">
<pre class="content"><em>git commit-tree</em> &lt;tree&gt; [(-p &lt;parent&gt;)&#8230;&#8203;]
<em>git commit-tree</em> [(-p &lt;parent&gt;)&#8230;&#8203;] [-S[&lt;keyid&gt;]] [(-m &lt;message&gt;)&#8230;&#8203;]
                  [(-F &lt;file&gt;)&#8230;&#8203;] &lt;tree&gt;</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This is usually not what an end user wants to run directly.  See
<a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a> instead.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Creates a new commit object based on the provided tree object and
emits the new commit object id on stdout. The log message is read
from the standard input, unless <code>-m</code> or <code>-F</code> options are given.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The <code>-m</code> and <code>-F</code> options can be given any number of times, in any
order. The commit log message will be composed in the order in which
the options are given.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A commit object may have any number of parents. With exactly one
parent, it is an ordinary commit. Having more than one parent makes
the commit a merge between several lines of history. Initial (root)
commits have no parents.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>While a tree represents a particular directory state of a working
directory, a commit represents that state in "time", and explains how
to get there.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Normally a commit would identify a new "HEAD" state, and while Git
doesn&#8217;t care where you save the note about that state, in practice we
tend to just write the result to the file that is pointed at by
.<code>git/HEAD</code>, so that we can always see what the last committed
state was.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">&lt;tree&gt;</dt>
<dd>
<p>An existing tree object.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-p &lt;parent&gt;</dt>
<dd>
<p>Each <code>-p</code> indicates the id of a parent commit object.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-m &lt;message&gt;</dt>
<dd>
<p>A paragraph in the commit log message. This can be given more than
once and each &lt;message&gt; becomes its own paragraph.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-F &lt;file&gt;</dt>
<dd>
<p>Read the commit log message from the given file. Use <code>-</code> to read
from the standard input. This can be given more than once and the
content of each file becomes its own paragraph.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-S[&lt;keyid&gt;]</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--gpg-sign[=&lt;keyid&gt;]</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-gpg-sign</dt>
<dd>
<p>GPG-sign commits. The <code>keyid</code> argument is optional and
defaults to the committer identity; if specified, it must be
stuck to the option without a space. <code>--no-gpg-sign</code> is useful to
countermand a <code>--gpg-sign</code> option given earlier on the command line.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_commit_information">Commit Information</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A commit encapsulates:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>all parent object ids</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>author name, email and date</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>committer name and email and the commit time.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A commit comment is read from stdin. If a changelog
entry is not provided via "&lt;" redirection, <em>git commit-tree</em> will just wait
for one to be entered and terminated with ^D.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_date_formats">DATE FORMATS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The <code>GIT_AUTHOR_DATE</code> and <code>GIT_COMMITTER_DATE</code> environment variables
support the following date formats:</p>
</div>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">Git internal format</dt>
<dd>
<p>It is <em>&lt;unix-timestamp&gt;</em> <em>&lt;time-zone-offset&gt;</em>, where
<em>&lt;unix-timestamp&gt;</em> is the number of seconds since the UNIX epoch.
<em>&lt;time-zone-offset&gt;</em> is a positive or negative offset from UTC.
For example CET (which is 1 hour ahead of UTC) is <code>+0100</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">RFC 2822</dt>
<dd>
<p>The standard date format as described by RFC 2822, for example
<code>Thu,</code> <code>07</code> <code>Apr</code> <code>2005</code> <code>22:13:13</code> <code>+0200</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">ISO 8601</dt>
<dd>
<p>Time and date specified by the ISO 8601 standard, for example
<code>2005-04-07T22:13:13</code>. The parser accepts a space instead of the
<code>T</code> character as well. Fractional parts of a second will be ignored,
for example <code>2005-04-07T22:13:13.019</code> will be treated as
<code>2005-04-07T22:13:13</code>.</p>
<div class="admonitionblock note">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">
In addition, the date part is accepted in the following formats:
<code>YYYY.MM.DD</code>, <code>MM/DD/YYYY</code> and <code>DD.MM.YYYY</code>.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_discussion">Discussion</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Git is to some extent character encoding agnostic.</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequences
of bytes.  There is no encoding translation at the core
level.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Path names are encoded in UTF-8 normalization form C. This
applies to tree objects, the index file, ref names, as well as
path names in command line arguments, environment variables
and config files (.<code>git/config</code> (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>),
<a href="gitignore.html">gitignore(5)</a>, <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a> and
<a href="gitmodules.html">gitmodules(5)</a>).</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that Git at the core level treats path names simply as
sequences of non-NUL bytes, there are no path name encoding
conversions (except on Mac and Windows). Therefore, using
non-ASCII path names will mostly work even on platforms and file
systems that use legacy extended ASCII encodings. However,
repositories created on such systems will not work properly on
UTF-8-based systems (e.g. Linux, Mac, Windows) and vice versa.
Additionally, many Git-based tools simply assume path names to
be UTF-8 and will fail to display other encodings correctly.</p>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Commit log messages are typically encoded in UTF-8, but other
extended ASCII encodings are also supported. This includes
ISO-8859-x, CP125x and many others, but <em>not</em> UTF-16/32,
EBCDIC and CJK multi-byte encodings (GBK, Shift-JIS, Big5,
EUC-x, CP9xx etc.).</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded
in UTF-8, both the core and Git Porcelain are designed not to
force UTF-8 on projects.  If all participants of a particular
project find it more convenient to use legacy encodings, Git
does not forbid it.  However, there are a few things to keep in
mind.</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p><code>git</code> <code>commit</code> and <code>git</code> <code>commit-tree</code> issue
a warning if the commit log message given to it does not look
like a valid UTF-8 string, unless you explicitly say your
project uses a legacy encoding.  The way to say this is to
have <code>i18n.commitEncoding</code> in .<code>git/config</code> file, like this:</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>[i18n]
        commitEncoding = ISO-8859-1</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Commit objects created with the above setting record the value
of <code>i18n.commitEncoding</code> in their <code>encoding</code> header.  This is to
help other people who look at them later.  Lack of this header
implies that the commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.</p>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>git</code> <code>log</code>, <code>git</code> <code>show</code>, <code>git</code> <code>blame</code> and friends look at the
<code>encoding</code> header of a commit object, and try to re-code the
log message into UTF-8 unless otherwise specified.  You can
specify the desired output encoding with
<code>i18n.logOutputEncoding</code> in .<code>git/config</code> file, like this:</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>[i18n]
        logOutputEncoding = ISO-8859-1</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of
<code>i18n.commitEncoding</code> is used instead.</p>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log
message when a commit is made to force UTF-8 at the commit
object level, because re-coding to UTF-8 is not necessarily a
reversible operation.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_files">FILES</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>/etc/mailname</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a href="git-write-tree.html">git-write-tree(1)</a>
<a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
Last updated 2025-11-17 16:38:17 UTC
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